Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
N | Authors Name | Year of Pub | Study Region | Study design | Size | Good level of knowledge % | Good practice% | Positive Attitude % | Study quality | Population type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tembo, N [18] | 2022 | Zambia | cross-sectional | 263 | 70 | 64 | 60 | Low risk | pharmacy personnel and nurses |
2 | Albalawi, L [19] | 2023 | Saudi Arabia | cross-sectional | 266 | 76.1 | 84.6 | 61.5 | Low risk | pharmacy and non-pharmacy interns |
3 | Nemr, N [20] | 2023 | Egypt | cross-sectional | 350 | 93.7 | 54 | 79 | Low risk | Healthcare Providers including physicians and dentist |
4 | Wangmo, K [21] | 2021 | Bhutan | cross-sectional | 219 | 38.8 | 77 | 51 | Low risk | veterinarians and para-veterinarians |
5 | Mudenda, S [22] | 2020 | Zambia | cross-sectional | 144 | 93.8 | 25 | 67 | Low risk | community pharmacies |
6 | Mudenda, S [23] | 2022 | Zambia | cross-sectional | 172 | 90 | 64 | 84 | Low risk | undergraduate pharmacy students |
7 | Lubwama, M [24] | 2021 | East Africa | cross-sectional | 328 | 54 | NR | NR | Low risk | final Y medical and pharmacy stu |
8 | Nishat, S [25] | 2022 | India | cross-sectional | 110 | 60.9 | 37 | 30.4 | Low risk | Clinicians |
9 | Zulu, A [26] | 2020 | Zambia | cross-sectional | 260 | 87.3 | 75 | 96.9 | Low risk | undergraduate medical students |
10 | El-Sokkary, R [27] | 2021 | Egypt | cross-sectional | 500 | 71.6 | 15.6 | 9.4 | Low risk | Physicians |
11 | Al Sulayyim, H [28] | 2023 | Saudi Arabia | cross-sectional | 406 | 72.73 | 50 | 71.43 | Low risk | HCW |
12 | Shrestha, L [29] | 2020 | Nepal | cross-sectional | 216 | 33 | 43.5 | 78.2 | Low risk | HCP |
13 | Abdelrahman, M [30] | 2023 | Somalia | cross-sectional | 410 | 69 | 51.7 | 52.4 | Low risk | pharmacists |
14 | Shrestha, R [31] | 2019 | Nepal | cross-sectional | 228 | 17.1 | 17.1 | 50 | Low risk | undergraduate medical |
15 | Davwar, P [32] | 2023 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 252 | 41 | 6 | 16 | Low risk | Doctors |
16 | Sharma, S [33] | 2016 | India | cross-sectional | 120 | 79.72 | 64 | 55.95 | Low risk | 2d y MBBS Stu |
17 | Tanveer, A [34] | 2022 | India | cross-sectional | 40 | 40 | 47 | 58 | Low risk | community pharmacies |
18 | Kumar Dutt. H [35] | 2018 | Kerala | cross-sectional | 222 | 77.5 | 79.7 | 79.7 | Low risk | Final-year students from medical, dental, and paramedical |
19 | Yang. C [36] | 2024 | China | cross-sectional | 1959 | 7.5 | 20.7 | 3.8 | Low risk | Nursing student |
20 | Dudhe. B [37] | 2023 | India | cross-sectional | 344 | 68.02 | 12.5 | 38.95 | Low risk | MBBS student |
21 | Kainga, H [38] | 2023 | Malavi | cross-sectional | 68 | 46.7 | 41.6 | 49.2 | Low risk | Veterinary drug dispensers |
22 | Kumar Sahu. R [39] | 2021 | India | cross-sectional | 100 | 27 | 22 | 38 | Low risk | Nursing professionals |
23 | A. Nowbuth, A [40] | 2023 | Zambia | cross-sectional | 180 | 45 | NR | 68 | Low risk | final-year medical students |
24 | Okedo-Alex, I [41] | 2019 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 184 | 64.7 | 56 | NR | Low risk | pre-final and final-year medical students |
25 | Sadasivam, K [42] | 2016 | India | cross-sectional | 441 | 82 | NR | 34 | Low risk | paramedical staffs |
26 | Tafa, B [43] | 2017 | Ethiopia | cross-sectional | 218 | 62.8 | NR | 80 | Low risk | Paramedical staffs |
27 | Sakr, S [44] | 2020 | Lebanon | cross-sectional | 477 | 78 | NR | 35.42 | Low risk | health-related majors students |
28 | Rajiah, K [45] | 2014 | Malaysia | cross-sectional | 346 | 84.4 | NR | 34.1 | Low risk | final undergraduate pharmacy stu |
29 | N Asharani [46] | 2020 | India | cross-sectional | 367 | 45.5 | 90 | NR | Low risk | medical students and intern |
30 | Lin Foo, Y [47] | 2021 | Malaysia | cross-sectional | 142 | 52.8 | NR | 76.1 | Low risk | science students |
31 | Hamad, F [48] | 2019 | Sudan | cross-sectional | 393 | 51 | NR | 58 | Low risk | final-year students of medicine, pharmacy, and nursing |
32 | Bulcha, B [49] | 2024 | Ethiopia | cross-sectional | 120 | 66.88 | NR | 66.17 | Low risk | animal health professional |
33 | Olujide Ojo, J [50] | 2024 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 320 | 66.3 | NR | 39.4 | Low risk | HCWs |
34 | S. Lalithabai, D [51] | 2022 | Saudi Arabia | cross-sectional | 341 | 14.7 | NR | 76.7 | Low risk | Nurses |
35 | M Sudhir [52] | 2020 | India | cross-sectional | 30 | 47 | 66 | 60 | Low risk | Community Pharmacists |
36 | Ul Mustafa, Z [53] | 2022 | Pakistan | cross-sectional | 376 | 60.4 | NR | NR | Low risk | Pharmacy Technicians |
37 | Kanyike, A [54] | 2022 | Uganda | cross-sectional | 681 | 87.5 | NR | NR | Low risk | clinical health professions students |
38 | Koroma A, T [55] | 2023 | Sierra Leone | cross-sectional | 376 | 68 | NR | NR | Low risk | medical professionals |
39 | P. Reena, A [56] | 2022 | India | cross-sectional | 354 | 56.2 | NR | NR | Low risk | undergraduate medical students |
40 | Hayat, K [57] | 2021 | Pakistan | cross-sectional | 296 | 31.8 | NR | NR | Low risk | Pharmacy Students |
41 | Akande-Sholabi, W [58] | 2021 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 866 | 58.4 | NR | NR | Low risk | healthcare students |
42 | Simegn, W [59] | 2022 | Ethiopia | cross-sectional | 412 | 84.7 | NR | NR | Low risk | health professionals |
43 | Abubakar Sani, A [60] | 2023 | Bangladesh | cross-sectional | 20 | 45 | 55 | 50 | Low risk | informal poultry drug prescribers |
44 | Netthong, R [61] | 2022 | Thailand | cross-sectional | 387 | 82.69 | NR | NR | Low risk | Community Pharmacists |
45 | Gyawali, M [62] | 2024 | Kyrgyzstan | cross-sectional | 120 | 89.2 | 49.2 | NR | Low risk | undergraduate medical students |
46 | Al-Attar, Z [63] | 2023 | Iraq | cross-sectional | 365 | 31.2 | NR | NR | Low risk | Medical Students |
47 | Battah, M [64] | 2021 | Yemen | cross-sectional | 237 | 12.41 | 21.36 | NR | Low risk | Medical Students |
48 | Sychareun, V [65] | 2021 | Laos, | cross-sectional | 217 | 41 | 64 | NR | Low risk | Healthcare Providers |
49 | Fetensa, G [66] | 2020 | Ethiopia | cross-sectional | 232 | 68.1 | NR | NR | Low risk | Health Science Students |
50 | E. Chukwu, E [67] | 2021 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 358 | 49.2 | NR | NR | Low risk | HCWs |
51 | Shahpawee, N S [68] | 2020 | Brunei | cross-sectional | 65 | 76 | NR | NR | Low risk | Institute of Health Sciences |
52 | Babatola, A O [69] | 2020 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 326 | 82.7 | NR | NR | Low risk | Physicians |
53 | Assen Seid, M [70] | 2018 | Ethiopia | cross-sectional | 323 | 12.1 | NR | 96.3 | Low risk | paramedical students |
54 | Suaifan, Gh [71] | 2012 | Jordan | cross-sectional | 200 | 43 | NR | NR | Low risk | Medical Students |
55 | Abera, B [72] | 2014 | Ethiopia | cross-sectional | 385 | 72.2 | NR | NR | Low risk | Physicians and Nurses |
56 | Domche Ngongang S, C [73] | 2021 | Cameroon | cross-sectional | 98 | 56 | NR | NR | Low risk | physicians |
57 | Sefah, I A [74] | 2022 | Ghana | cross-sectional | 160 | 57.5 | NR | NR | Low risk | final-year nursing and physician assistantship students |
58 | Abdelkarim, O A [75] | 2024 | Sudan | cross-sectional | 109 | 70 | NR | NR | Low risk | Undergraduate Pharmacy Students |
59 | Huang, S [76] | 2023 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 46 | 65 | NR | NR | Low risk | Medical Laboratory Scientists |
60 | Abuawad, M [77] | 2024 | Palestine | Cross-sectional | 384 | 84 | NR | 65.2 | Low risk | Medical Students |
61 | El-din, M. Z [78] | 2018 | Egypt | cross-sectional | 461 | 51.2 | NR | NR | Low risk | community pharmacist |
62 | Aworh, M. K [79] | 2021 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 144 | 18.1 | NR | NR | Low risk | veterinarians |
63 | AL-Salih, S. S [80] | 2019 | Iraq | cross-sectional | 150 | 80 | NR | NR | Low risk | Nursing and Dentistry Students |
64 | Tang, K. L [81] | 2020 | Malaysia | cross-sectional | 295 | 65.3 | NR | NR | Low risk | Pharmacists |
65 | Kulkarni, P [82] | 2017 | India | cross-sectional | 100 | 39 | NR | NR | Low risk | Interns |
66 | Saksena, R [83] | 2024 | India | cross-sectional | 208 | 73.75 | NR | NR | Low risk | Medical students |
67 | Deolekar, P [84] | 2019 | Nerul | cross-sectional | 200 | 96 | NR | NR | Low risk | Medical students |
68 | BELLO I, S [85] | 2021 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 576 | 26.4 | NR | NR | Low risk | healthcare students |
70 | Mufwambi, W [86] | 2021 | Zambia | cross-sectional | 304 | 60.4 | NR | NR | Low risk | Healthcare Professionals |
71 | Muluye, A. B [87] | 2020 | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 269 | 51 | NR | NR | Low risk | Healthcare Professionals |
72 | Soré,S [88] | 2022 | Burkina Faso | cross-sectional | 330 | 60 | NR | NR | Low risk | human health workers and veterinarians |
73 | Al Harbi, A. A [89] | 2023 | Saudi Arabia | cross-sectional | 223 | 16.1 | NR | NR | Low risk | Physicians |
74 | Golding, S.E [90] | 2022 | UK | cross-sectional | 460 | 58.7 | NR | NR | Low risk | Veterinary students |
74 | Golding, S.E [90] | 2022 | UK | cross-sectional | 113 | 82.3 | NR | NR | Low risk | Veterinary students |
75 | Philip, R [91] | 2023 | India | cross-sectional | 120 | 59.2 | 66.5 | 67.2 | Low risk | community pharmacist |
76 | Jamali, G. M [92] | 2019 | Pakistan | cross-sectional | 260 | 51 | NR | 58 | Low risk | Medical students |
77 | Agrawal, A [93] | 2019 | India | cross-sectional | 152 | 56.6 | NR | NR | Low risk | MBBS student |
78 | Hossain, J [94] | 2024 | Bangladesh | cross-sectional | 191 | 8.4 | 43 | 77 | Low risk | Community pharmacist |
79 | Sangma, Z. M [95] | 2018 | India | cross-sectional | 167 | 28.1 | NR | 53.9 | Low risk | Junior doctor |
80 | Okedo-Alex, I. N [96] | 2019 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 184 | NR | NR | 40.2 | Low risk | Low risk |
81 | Chin King, L [97] | 2019 | Malaysia | cross-sectional | 125 | 40.8 | NR | NR | Low risk | science undergraduates |
82 | Jayaweerasingham, M [98] | 2019 | Sri Lanka | cross-sectional | 199 | 57.8 | NR | NR | Low risk | Nurses |
83 | Deo, S.K [99] | 2020 | Nepal | cross-sectional | 231 | 45.5 | 99.6 | 96.5 | Low risk | Medical students |
84 | GARBA, M. A [100] | 2018 | Kaduna | cross-sectional | 74 | 73 | NR | NR | Low risk | HCWs |
85 | Djuikoue, C. I [101] | 2022 | Cameroon | cross-sectional | 100 | 28 | 31 | 89 | Low risk | Prescribers |
85 | Djuikoue, C. I [101] | 2022 | Cameroon | cross-sectional | 113 | 85.8 | 27.4 | 34.5 | Low risk | dispensers |
86 | Jainlabdin, M.H [102] | 2023 | Malaysia | cross-sectional | 312 | 36.7 | 44.1 | 40.6 | Low risk | Medical and Science Students |
87 | Dayyab, F. M [103] | 2021 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 43 | 37.2 | NR | NR | Low risk | nursing staff |
88 | Bedekelabou, A.P [104] | 2022 | Togo | cross-sectional | 121 | 88 | 28 | 83 | Low risk | health actors |
88 | Bedekelabou, A.P [104] | 2022 | Ivory Coast | cross-sectional | 100 | 50 | 28 | 76 | Low risk | health actors |
89 | Habib, K.D [105] | 2022 | Iraq | cross-sectional | 108 | 28.7 | 26.8 | 89.8 | Low risk | Nurses |
90 | Jainlabdin, M.H [106] | 2021 | Malaysia | cross-sectional | 206 | NR | 88.8 | 98.5 | Low risk | Nursing student |
91 | Qudah, T [107] | 2024 | United Arab Emirates | cross-sectional | 400 | 43.5 | 34.4 | 42.3 | Low risk | pharmacist |
92 | M. Sandaruwan [108] | 2022 | Sri Lanka | cross-sectional | 102 | 40 | 41 | NR | Low risk | veterinarians |
93 | Hakami, A.M [109] | 2023 | Saudi Arabia | cross-sectional | 313 | 65.8 | NR | NR | Low risk | Pharmacist |
94 | Sultana, R [110] | 2023 | Bangladesh | cross-sectional | 583 | 34.2 | NR | NR | Low risk | Physicians |
95 | Akande-Sholabi, W [111] | 2023 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 126 | 70.6 | 8.7 | NR | Low risk | community pharmacists |
96 | Ghaffoori Kanaan, M.H [112] | 2021 | Iraq | cross-sectional | 102 | 100 | NR | NR | Low risk | community members, pharmacists, and healthcare providers |
97 | Odetokun, A.I [113] | 2019 | Nigeria | cross-sectional | 413 | 40 | NR | NR | Low risk | Veterinary Students |
98 | Kamita, M [114] | 2022 | Kenya | cross-sectional | 240 | 42.9 | NR | NR | Low risk | medical practitioners |
99 | Kamoto, A [115] | 2020 | Malawi | cross-sectional | 72 | 62.5 | NR | NR | Low risk | final-year medical students |
100 | Bazzi, R [116] | 2022 | Jordan | cross-sectional | 115 | 84 | NR | NR | Low risk | veterinarians |
101 | Rattanaumpawan, p [117] | 2019 | Thailand | cross-sectional | 455 | 32 | NR | NR | Low risk | Medical student |
102 | Rattanaumpawan, p [117] | 2019 | Thailand | cross-sectional | 225 | 33 | NR | NR | Low risk | Doctors in training |
103 | M.J. Sudha [118] | 2021 | India | cross-sectional | 120 | 44.65 | NR | NR | Low risk | Medical doctors |
104 | Tenzin, J [119] | 2023 | Buhtan | cross-sectional | 58 | 100 | 98.2 | NR | Low risk | competent persons in the community pharmacies |
105 | Hussain, J [120] | 2023 | Pakistan | cross-sectional | 136 | 19.9 | NR | NR | Low risk | Medical student |
106 | Dharanindra, M [121] | 2023 | India | Cross-sectional | 389 | 23 | NR | NR | Low risk | community pharmacies |
107 | Thesis/Muradyan, D [122] | 2020 | Yerevan | cross-sectional | 291 | 58.3 | 63 | 67.5 | Low risk | General practitioner |
108 | Thesis/Siltrakool, B [123] | 2017 | Thailand | cross-sectional | 372 | 94 | 93 | 93.2 | Low risk | Community Pharmacists |