Table 1 Characteristics of the 65 studies included in this study
From: Clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Country | Authors and Reference | Strains isolation period | Study design | Sample | Method used to assess clarithromycin resistance | Number of H. pylori strains | CRHp | % | mutations in the 23S rRNA | VG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | Bachir et al. 2018 [35] | 2012–2015 | NA | gastric biopsies | E-test, agar dilution method | 151 | 38 | 25.2 | NT | vacA, cagA, |
Djennane-Hadibi et al. 2015 [36] | 2008–2014 | prospective | gastric biopsies | Scorpion real-time PCR | 91 | 32 | 35.2 | A2143G (26/32; 81%), A2142G (3/32; 9.4%), A2142C (2/32; 6.3%) | NT | |
Bachir et al. 2018 [37] | 2014–2016 | NA | gastric biopsies | E-test, real time PCR | 212 | 53 | 25 | A2143G (69/232), A2142G (69/232) | NT | |
Raaf et al. 2017 [38] | 2015–2016 | prospective study | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method, E-test, real-time PCR | 27 | 9 | 33.3 | A2143G (14/60), A2142G (14/60) | NT | |
Burkina Faso | Sia et al. 2018 [39] | 2017 | prospective | gastric biopsies | Scorpion real time PCR | 132 | 12 | 9.1 | A2143G (12/12) | NT |
Cameroon | Kouitche Mabeku et al. 2019 [40] | 2013–2015 | cross-sectional study | gastric biopsies | Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method | 140 | 19 | 13.6 | NT | NT |
Ndip et al. 2008 [41] | 2006 | NA | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method | 132 | 59 | 44.7 | NT | NT | |
Chad | Bessimbaye et al. 2021 [42] | 2020–2021 | observational diagnostic study | gastric biopsie, stool | disc diffusion method | 59 | 10 | 16.9 | NT | NT |
Republic of the Congo | Ontsira-Ngoyi et al. 2015 [43] | 2013–2014 | cross-sectional | gastric biopsies | real-time PCR | 56 | 1 | 1.8 | A2142G (1/1) A2143G (1/1) | NT |
Ivory Coast | Diplo et al. 2017 [44] | 2015–2016 | NA | gastric biopsies | Classic PCR | 98 | 26 | 26.5 | NA | NT |
Democratic Republic of Congo | Tshibangu-Kabamba et al. 2020 [45] | 2017–2018 | NA | gastric biopsies | agar dilution method | 102 | 24 | 23.5 | A2142G (4/24; 16.7%), A2143G (17/24; 70.8%) | NT |
Ethiopia | Erkihun et al. 2023 [46] | 2019 | cross- sectional | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method | 24 | 16 | 66.7 | NT | NT |
Asrat et al. 2004 [47] | NA | NA | NA | E-test | 50 | 0 | 0 | NT | NT | |
Egypt | Elrakeeb et al. 2021 [48] | 2019–2020 | prospective randomized study | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion assay | 52 | 17 | 32.7 | NT | NT |
Egypt | El Sayed Zaki et al. 2016 [49] | 2014–2015 | NA | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion assay, PCR-RFLP | 72 | 36 | 50 | A2143G (15/72), A2142G (13.9%; 10/72) | NT |
Ramzy et al. 2016 [50] | 2013 | NA | gastric biopsies | PCR-RFLP | 70 | 40 | 57.1 | A2142G 39/70), A2143G (1/70) | NT | |
Hussien et al. 2022 [34] | 2018–2019 | NA | gastric biopsies | agar dilution method | 19 | 18 | 94.7 | NT | NT | |
Sherif et al. 2004 [51] | 2002–2003 | NA | gastric biopsies | E-test | 48 | 2 | 4.2 | NT | NT | |
Abdallah et al. 2023 [52] | NA | cross-sectional | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method | 30 | 15 | 50 | NT | NT | |
Eshra et al. 2023 [53] | 2022 | cross-sectional | gastric biopsies | E-test | 40 | 21 | 52.5 | NT | NT | |
Hanafy and Seleem, 2019 [54] | 2016–2018 | observational study | gastric biopsies | E-test, RFLP-PCR | 49 | 12 | 24.5 | A2142G (9/12), A2143G (3/12) | NT | |
Abd El Azeem et al. 2017 [55] | NA | NA | stool | disc diffusion method | 23 | 11 | 47.8 | NT | cagA, bab7 allele of babA2 | |
Attia et al. 2022 [56] | NA | NA | gastric biopsies | real-time PCR | 32 | 12 | 37.5 | A2142C (4/12), A2143G (12/32) | NT | |
Hamza et al. 2018 [57] | NA | NA | stool | PCR-RFLP, disc diffusion method | 20 | 12 | 60 | A2142G (2/12), A2143G (3/12) | cagA, vacA | |
Labeeb and El-khyat, 2019 [58] | NA | cross- sectional | gastric biopsies | agar dilution method | 18 | 9 | 50 | NT | cagA | |
Abdelsami et al. 2020 [59] | 2019–2020 | NA | gastric biopsies | E-test, RFLP-PCR | 50 | 27 | 54 | A2142G (5/50), A2143G (21/50) | NT | |
Soltan et al. 2018 [60] | 2016–2017 | cross-sectional | gastric biopsies | RFLP-PCR | 71 | 47 | 66.2 | A2142G (39/71), A2143G (12/71) | NT | |
El-Gazzar et al. 2020 [61] | 2019–2020 | prospective observational study | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method | 28 | 9 | 32.1 | NT | NT | |
El Sayed Zaki et al. 2016 [62] | 2015 | NA | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method | 69 | 49 | 71 | NT | NT | |
Ghaith et al. 2016 [63] | 2013 | cross-sectional study | gastric biopsies | RFLP-PCR | 70 | 39 | 55.7 | A2142G (39/70) | NT | |
Egypt | Fathi et al. 2013 [64] | 2011–2012 | cross-sectional study | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method, E-test | 16 | 16 | 100 | NT | ureC, |
Elzaher et al. 2022 [65] | 2018–2021 | prospective study | Gastric biopsies | real-time PCR | 20 | 5 | 25 | NA | NA | |
Metwally et al. 2022 [66] | 2018–2020 | cross-sectional study | Gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method | 20 | 8 | 40 | NT | NT | |
Diab et al. 2018 [67] | 2015–2017 | NA | gastric biopsies | RT-PCR | 60 | 4 | 6.7 | A2143G (4/60) | NT | |
Mahmoud et al. 2018 [68] | 2016–2017 | NA | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method | 70 | 48 | 68.6 | NT | cagA, iceA1, vacA s1, vac A s2, vacA m | |
Awad et al. 2020 [69] | NA | cross-sectional study | gastric biopsies | NA | 30 | 15 | 50 | NT | NT | |
Ghazy et al. 2022 [70] | NA | NA | gastric biopsies | RT-PCR | 42 | 27 | 64.3 | 23S mutant | cagA | |
Gambia | Secka et al. 2013 [71] | NA | NA | gastric biopsies | agar dilution | 64 | 0 | 0 | NT | NT |
Kenya | Kimang’a et al. 2010 [72] | NA | NA | gastric biopsies | E-test | 65 | 0 | 0 | NT | NT |
Lwai-Lume et al. 2005 [73] | 2003–2004 | cross-sectional descriptive study | gastric biopsies | NA | 166 | 11 | 6.6 | NT | NT | |
Kabuthi et al. 2021 [74] | 2018–2019 | cross-sectional descriptive study | gastric biopsies | E-test | 68 | 9 | 13.2 | NT | NT | |
Morocco | Bouihat et al. 2016 [75] | 2015–2016 | prospective | gastric biopsies | E-test, real time scorpion PCR | 177 | 45 | 25.4 | A2142G (29/51; 56.9%); A2143G (20/51; 39.2%) A2142C (4/51; 7.8%) | NT |
Essaidi et al. 2022 [76] | 2017–2020 | NA | gastric biopsies | PCR - RFLP | 96 | 14 | 14.6 | A2143G | NT | |
Mozambique | Ismail et al. 2023 [77] | 2017–2020 | cross-sectional descriptive | gastric biopsies | Standard PCR and sequencing | 96 | 10 | 10.4 | A2142G (2/10), A2143G (8/10) | NT |
Mauritania | Khiddi et al. 2020 [78] | 2018 | NA | gastric biopsies | Real time PCR | 76 | 4 | 5.3 | A2143G (4/4) | cagA |
Nigeria | Oyedeji et al. 2009 [79] | NA | NA | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method, E-test, PCR-RFLP, sequencing | 186 | 0 | 0 | NF | NT |
Nigeria | Aboderin et al. 2007 [80] | 2002–2003 2005–2006 | prospective | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion assay | 32 | 32 | 100 | NT | NT |
Bello et al. 2019 [81] | 2011–2013 | cross-sectional | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method | 109 | 0 | 0 | NT | NT | |
Harrison et al. 2017 [82] | 2010–2013 | cross-sectional | gastric biopsies | E-test, PCR, sequencing | 111 | 16 | 14.4 | A2143G (1/16), A2144G (2/16), A2143C (2/16), C2196T | cagA, vacA s1/m1 | |
Ani et al. 1999 [83] | 1997–1998 | NA | tissue biopsies | E-test | 55 | 7 | 12.7 | NA | NT | |
Adeniyi et al. 2012 [84] | NA | NA | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method | 43 | 3 | 7 | NT | NT | |
Palamides et al. 2020* [85] | 2015–2018 | NA | gastric biopsies | E-test | 88 | 23 | 26.1 | NT | cagA, vacA | |
Reunion Island | Zemali et al. 2016 [86] | 2014 | NA | gastric biopsies | real-time PCR | 73 | 9 | 12.3 | A2142C (1/9); A2142G/A2143G (8/9) | NT |
Senegal | Seck et al. 2013 [87] | 2007–2009 | NA | gastric biopsies | E-test, scorpion PCR | 108 | 1 | 0.9 | A2143G (1/1) | NT |
South Africa | Palamides et al. 2020* [85] | 2015–2018 | NA | gastric biopsies | E-test | 132 | 22 | 16.7 | NT | cagA, vacA |
Tanih et al. 2010 [88] | NA | NA | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method, agar dilution method | 200 | 40 | 20 | NA | NT | |
Tanih and Ndip, 2013 [89] | NA | NA | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method, GenoType HelicoDR kit | 78 | 12 | 15.4 | A2147G (12/17; 70.6%); A2146C (1/17; 5.9%) | NT | |
Tanih et al. 2011 [90] | NA | NA | gastric biopsies | disc diffusion method, end-point PCR, sequencing | 200 | 40 | 20 | A2142G (3/3), A2143G (1/3) | NT | |
Sudan | Albasha et al. 2021 [91] | 2018–2019 | NA | gastric biopsies | PCR and DNA sequencing | 25 | 9 | 36 | A2142G (1/9), A2143G (5/9), T2182C (4/9), C2195T (3/9) | NT |
Tanzania | Jaka et al. 2019 [92] | 2014–2016 | cross-sectional study | gastric biopsies | real-time PCR | 188 | 54 | 28.7 | A2143G (32/54), A2142G (22/54), A2142C (1/54), A2143C (1/54) | NT |
Tunisia | Ben Mansour et al. 2010 [93] | 2005–2007 | prospective multicentre study | gastric biopsies | E-test, scorpion real-time PCR | 273 | 42 | 14.6 | A2143G (37/42; 88.1%); A2142G (5/42; 11.9%) | NT |
Ben Mansour et al. 2016 [94] | 2009 | prospective study | gastric biopsies | E-test | 21 | 3 | 14.3 | NT | NT | |
Chtourou et al. 2022 [95] | 2017–2020 | cross-sectional study | gastric biopsies | Allplex H. pylori, ClariR PCR Assay | 95 | 30 | 31.6 | A2143G (90.5% ; 86/95), A2142G (11,6%; 11/95) | NT | |
Uganda | Angol et al. 2017 [96] | 2012–2013 | cross-sectional study | stool | GenoType HelicoDR PCR | 21 | 6 | 28.6 | NT | NT |
Zambia | Kebotsamang et al. 2024 [97] | NA | case-control study | gastric biopsies | Bosphore Helicobacter pylori Genotyping Kit v1 (real-time PCR) | 174 | 48 | 27.6 | A2143G (38/48), A2142G (29/48) | NT |