Table 2 Proportion of Ceftazidime–Avibactam resistant in Gram-negative bacteria based on year of study, continents, countries, pathogens, infection source, resistance profiling, and AST
Category | Subgroup | K (n, N) | Proportion (%) 95%CI (LCI, HCI) | I2 (%) | P. value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | (37,817, 507,254) | 10.4 (9.1, 11.8) | 96.06 | ||
Year group | 2021–2024 | (28,876, 285,976) | 13.2 (11.4, 15.2) | 99.01 | p < 0.001 |
2015–2020 | (8941, 221,278) | 5.6 (4.1, 7.6) | 99.15 | ||
Countries | Bahrain | (34, 152) | 22.4 (16.4, 29.7) | 0.00 | p < 0.001 |
Belgium | (411, 2833) | 23.2 (5.3, 61.8) | 98.85 | ||
Brazil | (3, 76) | 5.0 (1.1, 20.0) | 28.90 | ||
Canada | (992, 8613) | 12.3 (5.9, 23.9) | 99.01 | ||
Chile | (211, 1615) | 2.4 (0.3, 17.9) | 95.37 | ||
China | (7027, 88,099) | 16.5 (12.3, 21.7) | 98.90 | ||
Colombia | (83, 1317) | 3.2 (0.3, 24.8) | 97.70 | ||
Czechia | (68, 2340) | 2.6 (0.3, 21.1) | 98.26 | ||
Egypt | (39, 111) | 34.9 (24.8, 46.6) | 26.85 | ||
France | (42, 351) | 11.6 (4.4, 27.0) | 83.91 | ||
Germany | (287, 938) | 29.6 (12.9, 54.3) | 95.95 | ||
Greece | (51, 87) | 80.7 (1.8, 99.9) | 93.12 | ||
Hungary | (1146, 22,674) | 6.4 (3.2, 12.4) | 99.17 | ||
India | (1571, 6681) | 33.7 (20.4, 50.2) | 98.89 | ||
Italy | (865, 10,723) | 19.6 (9.2, 37.0) | 98.11 | ||
Japan | (350, 379) | 88.9 (60.4, 97.7) | 92.91 | ||
Kuwait | (77, 935) | 16.7 (4.9, 43.7) | 94.94 | ||
Nigeria | (47, 175) | 30.6 (0.0, 99.9) | 97.59 | ||
Poland | (0, 19) | 2.5 (0.2, 29.8) | 0.00 | ||
Portugal | (974, 106,860) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.3) | 98.47 | ||
Qatar | (1, 109) | 0.9 (0.1, 6.2) | 0.00 | ||
Saudi Arabia | (50, 105) | 50.4 (27.8, 72.9) | 82.21 | ||
Serbia | (37, 143) | 25.9 (19.4, 33.7) | 0.00 | ||
Singapore | (246, 858) | 30.7 (23.7, 38.6) | 77.41 | ||
Spain | (485, 3023) | 23.6 (10.9, 43.9) | 98.04 | ||
Taiwan | (6405, 33,370) | 9.9 (5.2, 18.1) | 99.10 | ||
Thailand | (2663, 5590) | 58.5 (24.5, 86.0) | 99.50 | ||
Turkey | (146, 432) | 38.7 (23.6, 56.3) | 84.53 | ||
United Kingdom | (395, 3263) | 7.1 (1.7, 25.3) | 98.01 | ||
United States | (11,905, 179,781) | 4.9 (3.9, 6.2) | 98.96 | ||
Uruguay | (23, 39) | 58.0 (41.7, 72.7) | 0.00 | ||
Continent | Asia | (17,727, 132,027) | 19.3 (15.7, 23.4) | 99.06 | p < 0.001 |
Europe | (4829, 153,368) | 11.0 (7.8, 15.2) | 98.99 | ||
North America | (12,897, 187,799) | 5.3 (4.2, 6.7) | 98.97 | ||
South America | (1252, 25,082) | 6.1 (3.2, 11.5) | 98.60 | ||
Africa | (337, 3814) | 13.6 (5.6, 29.2) | 97.62 | ||
multi-continents | (775, 5164) | 7.8 (2.2, 24.2) | 99.42 | ||
Infection source | MIX | (8597, 124,517) | 8.1 (6.0, 10.8) | 99.14 | p < 0.001 |
Urinary | (31, 1806) | 1.0 (0.2, 4.0) | 61.82 | ||
Respiratory | (421, 12,540) | 1.4 (0.4, 4.6) | 97.48 | ||
Bloodstream | (26,521, 312,965) | 12.6 (10.8, 14.6) | 99.05 | ||
Bacterial groups | NFGNB | (26,058, 137,052) | 25.8 (22.2, 29.7) | 99.26 | p < 0.001 |
Enterobacterales | (11,746, 370,186) | 6.1 (4.9, 7.4) | 98.59 | ||
Microbial Profiling | Acinetobacter baumannii | (1086, 1247) | 86.8 (66.1, 95.7) | 95.61 | p < 0.001 |
Citrobacter freundii | (81, 4593) | 4.9 (2, 11.7) | 90.46 | ||
Citrobacter spp. | (45, 5480) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.7) | 80.18 | ||
Enterobacter cloacae | (355, 6389) | 14.8 (6.4, 30.5) | 97.78 | ||
Enterobacter spp. | (148, 12,267) | 2.1 (0.5, 8.3) | 97.37 | ||
Escherichia coli | (879, 97,625) | 4.9 (2.6, 8.8) | 98.14 | ||
Klebsiella oxytoca | (61, 7196) | 2.8 (0.6, 12) | 95.25 | ||
Klebsiella pneumoniae | (3904, 92,538) | 10.2 (7.5, 13.5) | 98.13 | ||
Klebsiella spp | (187, 403) | 22.5 (7.2, 52.2) | 83.49 | ||
Morganella morganii | (2, 103) | 3 (0.9, 9.8) | 0.00 | ||
Proteus mirabilis | (21, 4101) | 4.5 (0.4, 34.7) | 95.35 | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | (24,705, 135,402) | 22.8 (19.5, 26.4) | 99.25 | ||
Pseudomonas spp. | (320, 487) | 65.7 (61.4, 69.8) | 0.00 | ||
Serratia marcescens | (21, 3530) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.7) | 71.31 | ||
Providencia stuartii | (2, 28) | 7.1 (1.8, 24.5) | 0.00 | ||
Resistance profiling | Colistin-resistant | (13, 42) | 37.1 (14, 68) | 61.54 | p < 0.001 |
MDR | (4033, 25,042) | 13 (9.6, 17.3) | 98.40 | ||
Carbapenem-resistant | (13,808, 45,098) | 25.8 (22.6, 29.3) | 96.71 | ||
ESBL | (3557, 39,991) | 12.1 (5.9, 23.1) | 98.70 | ||
XDR | (1146, 2426) | 32.1 (18.5, 49.6) | 97.36 | ||
AST | Broth microdilution | (36,778, 503,796) | 9.3 (8.1, 10.7) | 99.14 | p < 0.001 |
E-test | (785, 2171) | 31.4 (23.3, 40.8) | 87.32 | ||
Disk diffusion | (209, 516) | 35.9 (22.1, 52.5) | 88.91 | ||
Agar dilution | (0, 695) | 0.1 (0, 1.1) | 0.00 |