Table 3 Indicators and key drivers of antibiotic use
Publication | Duration/period of study | Location | Population type | Population Size | Summary of findings | Final indicators and key drivers identified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ankrah et al. [46] | 19–21 June 2019 | Ghana | Patients on any antibiotics admitted before 8am in all wards on the survey day | 967 | The key indicators of antibiotic use expressed in percentages are; Pneumonia 18.4%, Skin and soft tissue 11.4%, Sepsis 11.1%, Upper respiratory tract infection 7.9%, Malaria 7.6%, Infection of central nervous system 7.0%, Obstetrics/gynecology infection 7.0%, Bone and joint infection 4.8%, Gastro-intestinal infection 4.4%, Intra-abdominal sepsis 3.2% | Pneumonia, Skin and soft tissue, Sepsis, Upper respiratory tract infection, Malaria, and Infection of central nervous system |
Enimil et al. [55] | September 2015 and 2019 | Ghana | In-patients | 386 and 630 in 2015 and 2019 respectively | The key indicators of antibiotic use expressed in percentages in 2015 and 2019 respectively, are; Pneumonia 16.9% and 23%, Skin and soft tissue 15.2% and 15.7%, Obstetric/gynaecological infections 10.7% and 3.7%, Infection of the central nervous system 5.1% and 5.2%, Sepsis 7.3% and 6.8%, Tuberculosis 6.2% and 8.9%, and Bone/joint infections 7.9% only in 2015 | Pneumonia, Skin and soft tissue, and Obstetric/gynaecological infections |
Darkwah et al. [53] | December 2019 and March 2020 | Ghana | Outpatients and in-patients | 184 | The key indicators of antibiotic use expressed in proportions are; Dental and related infections 20.7%. Post-delivery prophylaxis 18.1%, Respiratory tract infections 13.8%, Gastrointestinal tract infections 12.3%, Urinary tract infections 9.0%, Skin and soft tissue infections 6.4%, Sexually transmitted infections 4.8%, Caesarean Sect. "Overview and Description of Papers"%, and Enteric fever 3.2 | The top drivers identified are; Dental and related infections, Post-delivery prophylaxis, Respiratory tract infections, Gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections |
Afriyie et al. [97] | January-June, 2015 | Ghana | Outpatients and inpatients | 251 | The key indicators of appropriate ceftriaxone use expressed in proportions are; Co-morbidity (Malaria + other bacterial infections) (78%), Urinary tract infection (100%), Sepsis (100%), Gastroenteritis (100%), Upper respiratory tract infection (100%), Appendicitis (100%), Gastritis (100%), Food poisoning (100%), Fracture (Bone infection) (100%), Cellulitis (100%), and Enteric fever (100%). Ceftriaxone was also used inappropriately in 22% of Co-morbidity (Malaria + other bacterial infections) cases | The top drivers identified are; Co-morbidity (Malaria + other bacterial infections), Urinary tract infection, Sepsis, Gastroenteritis, Upper respiratory tract infection, Appendicitis, Gastritis, Food poisoning, Fracture (Bone infection), Cellulitis, and Enteric fever |
Kamara et al. [96] | July–August, 2021 | Sierra Leone | Patients | 1198 | The key indicators of antibiotic use expressed in proportions are; Community acquired infections (51.9%), and Surgical prophylaxis (23.8%) | The top drivers identified are; Community acquired infections, and Surgical prophylaxis |
Aboderin et al. [95] | 10–27 June, 2019 | Nigeria | Patients | 321 | The key indicators of antibiotic use expressed in proportions are; Community-acquired infection (29.2%), Hospital-acquired infection (8.8%), Surgical prophylaxis (36.9%), and Medical prophylaxis (11.2%) | The top drivers identified are; Community-acquired infection, Surgical prophylaxis, and Medical prophylaxis |
Labi et al. [63] | September-December, 2016 | Ghana | Paediatric inpatients | 716 | The key indicators of antibiotic use expressed in proportions are; Community-acquired infections (61%), Hospital-acquired infections (10.3%), prophylaxis (23.7%), and Unknown reason (4.8%) | The top drivers identified are; Community-acquired infections, Hospital-acquired infections, and prophylaxis |
Abubakar et al. [35] | April–May, 2019 | Nigeria | Hospitalized patients | 321 | The key indicators of antibiotic use expressed in proportions are; Community-acquired infection (38.7%), Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (22.5%), Hospital-acquired infection (16.3%), Medical prophylaxis (14.9%), and Unknown indication (7.6%) | The top drivers identified are; Community-acquired infection, Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis, Hospital-acquired infection, and Medical prophylaxis |
Nnadozie et al. [68] | May, 2019 | Nigeria | Inpatients | 82 | The key indicators of antibiotic use expressed in proportions are; Community-acquired infection (34.1%), Hospital-associated infection (9%), and Surgical prophylaxis (56.95%) | The top drivers identified are; Community-acquired infection, and Surgical prophylaxis |
Labi et al. [62] | February–March, 2016 | Ghana | Inpatients | 677 | The key indicators of antibiotic use expressed in proportions are; Community-acquired infections (40.1%), Hospital-acquired infections (21.0%), Surgical prophylaxis (33.6%), and Medical prophylaxis (5.4%) | The top drivers identified are; Community-acquired infections, Hospital-acquired infections, and Surgical prophylaxis |