Table 2 Summary of themes based on SEIPS components
SEIPS components | Description of themes |
|---|---|
1. Person-level 1.1. Behavioral barriers 1.2. Training-related barriers | • The non-adherence of healthcare workers to IPC practices (poor personal protective equipment use and poor hand hygiene practices), negligence (less attention given to resource and budget allocation), and the absence of a recognition system (rewards and punishments). • Shortage of pre-employment training, mentorship, orientation, and continuous on-the-job training |
2. Organization 2.1. Building 2.2. Policy/guidelines 2.3. Maintenance and repair 2.4. Administrative emphasis | • Misuse of the building design and shortage of workspace • Poor knowledge of guidelines • Inadequate maintenance of water pipes, handwashing basins, latrine fixtures, incinerators, laundry machines, and sterilizers • Insufficient support or no budget allocation for IPC programs from organizational leadership |
3. Tasks 3.1. Needle stick injury and infection transmission 3.2. Workloads | • High workload due to an overflow of patients in the department • Instances of task-related injuries and infections • Negligence in proper implementing IPC protocols because of healthcare workers busyness • The absence of prescheduled vaccination services for common communicable diseases, such as hepatitis B |
4. Tools and technologies 4.1. Hospital gowns, blankets and bedsheets 4.2. Personal protective equipment 4.3. Disinfection and sterilization 4.4. Drugs prescription | • Insufficient supply of essential items such as hospital gowns, blankets, and bedsheets. No regular changing and washing of these items • Shortage of personal protective equipment such as gloves, facemasks, and safety shoes • Interrupted supply of disinfection and sterilization supplies • Improper prescription and unaffordable drugs prices |
5. Environment 5.1. Water supply 5.2. Waste storage and disposal 5.3. Liquid waste and sewerage system 5.4. Overcrowding 5.5. Isolation rooms | • Critical shortage of water supply for washing, latrine flashing, and cleaning of equipment and rooms • Improper waste storage, segregation and disposal, including absence of safety boxes for the disposal of needles and sharps • Absence of liquid waste treatment and sewerage systems • High crowding due to patient load especially in pediatrics emergency room • Absence of isolation rooms in the department of Pediatrics and Child Health |