Table 2 Results per element of multimodal strategies for implementation of IPC interventions (IPCAF core component 5)

System change

Element not included in multimodal strategies

143 (21.7)

Interventions to ensure the necessary infrastructure and continuous availability of supplies are in place

216 (32.7)

Interventions to ensure the necessary infrastructure and continuous availability of supplies are in place and addressing ergonomics and accessibility, such as the best placement of central venous catheter set and tray

301 (45.6)

Education and training

Element not included in multimodal strategies

44 (6.7)

Written information and/or oral instruction and/or e-learning only

355 (53.8)

Additional interactive training sessions (includes simulation and/or bedside training)

261 (39.5)

Monitoring and feedback

Element not included in multimodal strategies

63 (9.5)

Monitoring compliance with process or outcome indicators (for example, audits of hand hygiene or catheter practices)

186 (28.2)

Monitoring compliance and providing timely feedback of monitoring results to healthcare workers and key players

411 (62.3)

Communications and reminders

Element not included in multimodal strategies

125 (18.9)

Reminders, posters, or other advocacy/awareness-raising tools to promote the intervention

352 (53.4)

Additional methods/initiatives to improve team communication across units and disciplines (for example, by establishing regular case conferences and feedback rounds)

183 (27.7)

Safety climate and culture change

Element not included in multimodal strategies

271 (41.1)

Managers/leaders show visible support and act as champions and role models, promoting an adaptive approach and strengthening a culture that supports IPC, patient safety and quality

271 (41.1)

Additionally, teams and individuals are empowered so that they perceive ownership of the intervention (for example, by participatory feedback rounds)

118 (17.8)