Exploring drivers of self-treatment with antibiotics in three agricultural communities of northern Tanzania

Table 3 Antibiotics available in retail outlets and the number and percentage of respondents who bought them without presenting a prescription

Antibiotics available in retail outlets dispensing antibiotics for human use	AWaRe classification	Bought without prescription in:
		Self-reported		Observed
		Exit survey	Drug bag interview	Observations	Total
		n = 337	n = 30	n = 73	n = 440
Amoxicillin	ACCESS	33 (9.8%)	17 (56.7%)	12 (16.4%)	62 (14.1%)
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid	ACCESS	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Ampicillin	ACCESS	5 (1.5%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (2.7%)	7 (1.6%)
Cefalexin	ACCESS	1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (1.4%)	2 (0.5%)
Chloramphenicol	ACCESS	3 (0.9%)	1 (3.3%)	0 (0.0%)	4 (0.9%)
Doxycycline	ACCESS	12 (3.6%)	1 (3.3%)	3 (4.1%)	16 (3.6%)
Gentamicin	ACCESS	0 (0.0%)	3 (10.0%)	0 (0.0%)	3 (0.7%)
Metronidazole	ACCESS	17 (5.0%)	3 (10.0%)	11 (15.1%)	31 (7.0%)
Nitrofurantoin	ACCESS	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Penicillin V	ACCESS	9 (2.7%)	4 (13.3%)	3 (4.1%)	16 (3.6%)
Penicillin G	ACCESS	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Sulphamethoxazole/Trimethoprim	ACCESS	37 (11.0%)	8 (26.7%)	9 (12.3%)	54 (12.3%)
Tetracycline	ACCESS	4 (1.2%)	5 (16.7%)	0 (0.0%)	9 (2.0%)
Oxytetracycline	ACCESS	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Azithromycin	WATCH	1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.2%)
Ceftriaxone	WATCH	2 (0.6%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (1.4%)	3 (0.7%)
Ciprofloxacin	WATCH	3 (0.9%)	1 (3.3%)	2 (2.7%)	6 (1.4%)
Erythromycin	WATCH	6 (1.8%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (2.7%)	8 (1.8%)
Minocycline	WATCH	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.2%)
Neomycin	WATCH	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Ampicillin/Cloxacillin	NOT REC	15 (4.5%)	3 (10.0%)	1 (1.4%)	19 (4.3%)

Antibiotics available in retail outlets dispensing antibiotics for veterinary use	ABCD classification	Bought in:
		Self-reported		Observed
		Exit survey	Drug bag interview	observations	Total
		n = 20	n = 30	n = 13	n = 63
Amoxicillin	D	1 (5.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (1.6%)
Oxytetracycline	D	12 (60.0%)	18 (60.0%)	9 (69.2%)	39 (61.9%)
Sulfadimidine	D	2 (10.0%)	1 (3.3%)	0 (0.0%)	3 (4.8%)
Sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim	D	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (7.7%)	1 (1.6%)
Chlortetracycline	D	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (7.7%)	1 (1.6%)
Penicillin/streptomycin	C	3 (15.0%)	14 (46.7%)	2 (15.4%)	19 (30.2%)
Tylosin	C	2 (10.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (3.2%)
Enrofloxacin	B	1 (5.0%)	3 (10.0%)	2 (15.4%)	6 (9.5%)
Levofloxacin	B	1 (5.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (1.6%)

These data incorporate the different datasets assembled for this study, including self-reported and observed data. The number of respondents who reported or were observed to access a specific antibiotic without prescription is shown in the first row (n). The Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics for human consumption [47] and the ABCD categories, namely Avoid, Restrict, Caution and Prudence, for veterinary antibiotics [48], are used to show the importance of each antibiotic class for human health and their potential impact on public health. ACCESS and class D antibiotics are first-line treatments, while WATCH or class C or B antibiotics should be used more selectively. Not recommended or class A antibiotics should not be used at all

ISSN: 2047-2994