Fig. 1

Rate of self-treatment with human antibiotics. Number and percentage of participants in the exit survey (self-reported) and observations (observed) who visited either public facilities or human health retail outlets and were dispensed antibiotics, either with a prescription or without, i.e. as self-treatment. Data is derived from: 1) Exit survey in both public and retail human health facilities (n = 337, 33.5% of smallholders, 49.3% of agropastoralists, 17.2% of pastoralists), representing the self-reported data; and 2) observations in both public and retail human health facilities (n = 73, 16.4% of smallholders, 38.6% of agropastoralists, 45.2% of pastoralists), representing the observed data