Table 3 DDI according to WHO Access, and Watch categories, stratified by region from 2014 to 2019

Azitromicin

(J01FA10)

Brazil

1.10 (0.98–1.22)

1.21 (1.06–1.35)

1.29 (1.13–1.43)

1.32 (1.17–1.47)

1.22 (1.10–1.35)

1.21 (1.07–1.35)

0.097

↔

Noth

0.47 (0.44–0.50)

0.51 (0.46–0.57)

0.49 (0.46–0.52)

0.49 (0.45–0.53)

0.49 (0.44–0.53)

0.49 (0.46–0.53)

0.907

↔

Notheast

0.54 (0.50–0.57)

0.60 (0.56–0.64)

0.62 (0.59–0.66)

0.68 (0.62–0.73)

0.68 (0.63–0.72)

0.67 (0.62–0.72)

< 0.001

↑

South-East

1.31 (1.16–1.45)

1.48 (1.27–1.68)

1.61 (1.42–1.79)

1.63 (1.44–1.81)

1.47 (1.32–1.61)

1.46 (1.27–1.64)

0.119

↔

South

1.96 (1.68–2.24)

2.03 (1.71–2.36)

2.21 (1.84–2.58)

2.18 (1.81–2.54)

2.02 (1.66–2.38)

1.93 (1.63–2.23)

0.771

↔

Central-West

1.09 (0.98–1.20)

1.10 (0.98–1.23)

1.07 (0.99–1.16)

1.22 (1.10–1.34)

1.15 (1.06–1.23)

1.28 (1.16–1.41)

0.002

↑

Amoxicilin

(J01CA04)

Brazil

0.86 (0.78–0.94)

0.90 (0.83–0.98)

0.94 (0.86–1.02)

1.03 (0.95–1.12)

1.00 (0.92–1.07)

1.02 (0.95–1.09)

< 0.001

↑

Noth

0.43 (0.40–0.46)

0.45 (0.41–0.48)

0.45 (0.42–0.47)

0.49 (0.46–0.53)

0.49 (0.46–0.52)

0.52 (0.49–0.54)

< 0.001

↑

Notheast

0.45 (0.41–0.48)

0.47 (0.44–0.51)

0.48 (0.45–0.50)

0.53 (0.49-0.56)

0.52 (0.48–0.55)

0.53 (0.50–0.57)

< 0.001

↑

South-East

1.14 (1.02–1.25)

1.18 (1.07–1.28)

1.23 (1.11–1.34)

1.35 (1.24–1.46)

1.27 (1.18–1.37)

1.28 (1.19–1.38)

0.001

↑

South

1.13 (1.02–1.25)

1.20 (1.07–1.33)

1.31 (1.17–1.44)

1.39 (1.22–1.55)

1.35 (1.19–1.50)

1.39 (1.24–1.53)

< 0.001

↑

Central -West

0.79 (0.72–0.85)

0.85 (0.78–0.91)

0.89 (0.83–0.95)

1.08 (1.00-1.16)

1.07 (1.00-1.13)

1.16 (1.10–1.23)

< 0.001

↑

Amoxicillin + clavulanate

(J01CR02)

Brazil

0.58 (0,50-0.65)

0.64 (0.57–0.71)

0.74 (0.66–0.82)

0.86 (0.76–0.96)

0.89 (0.80–0.98)

1.04 (0.92–1.15)

< 0.001

↑

Noth

0.22 (0.20–0.25)

0.24 (0.22–0.27)

0.25 (0.23–0.27)

0.29 (0.27–0.31)

0.32 (0.28–0.35)

0.36 (0.33–0.39)

< 0.001

↑

Notheast

0.31 (0.28–0.34)

0.33 (0.31–0.35)

0.35 (0.33–0.37)

0.41 (0.39–0.45)

0.46 (0.42–0.50)

0.56 (0.50–0.59)

< 0.001

↑

South-East

0.77 (0.66–0.88)

0.85 (0.74–0.96)

1.00 (0.88–1.11)

1.16 (1.01–1.31)

1.16 (1.04–1.27)

1.34 (1.18–1.49)

< 0.001

↑

South

0.72 (0.60–0.84)

0.83 (0.70–0.95)

1.01 (0.85–1.16)

1.11 (0.94–1.28)

1.18 (0.97–1.38)

1.35 (1.14–1.55)

< 0.001

↑

Central-West

0.63 (0.56–0.70)

0.70 (0.62–0.77)

0.78 (0.71–0.84)

0.97 (0.88–1.05)

1.04 (0.94–1.13)

1.30 (1.16–1.44)

< 0.001

↑

Ciprofloxacin (J01MA02)

Brazil

0.47 (0.45–0.49)

0.52 (0.50–0.53)

0.54 (0.52–0.55)

0.58 (0.56–0.59)

0.58 (0.56–0.60)

0.53 (0.51–0.55)

< 0.001

↑

Noth

0.32 (0.30–0.33)

0.35 (0.34–0.36)

0.35 (0.34–0.36)

0.37 (0.36–0.38)

0.38 (0.37–0.40)

0.36 (0.35–0.37)

< 0.001

↑

Notheast

0.30 (0.29–0.32)

0.34 (0.32–0.35)

0.35 (0.34–0.35)

0.37 (0.36–0.38)

0.37 (0.36–0.39)

0.35 (0.33–0.36)

< 0.001

↑

South-East

0.57 (0.54–0.59)

0.62 (0.60–0.64)

0.64 (0.62–0.66)

0.70 (0.67–0.72)

0.69 (0.66–0.72)

0.62 (0.59–0.65)

< 0.001

↑

South

0.59 (0.57–0.62)

0.64 (0.62–0.67)

0.67 (0.64–0.69)

0.71 (0.69–0.73)

0.73 (0.70–0.76)

0.66 (0.63–0.69)

< 0.001

↑

Central-West

0.50 (0.48–0.52)

0.56 (0.54–0.58)

0.60 (0.57–0.62)

0.65 (0.63–0.67)

0.67 (0.64–0.71)

0.65 (0.62–0.67)

< 0.001

↑

Brazil

0.35 (0.34–0.36)

0.35 (0.34–0.36)

0.35 (0.34–0.36)

0.35 (0.34–0.36)

0.35 (0.34–0.36)

0.35 (0.34–0.36)

< 0.001

↑

Cefalexin

(J01DB01)

Noth

0.25 (0.24–0.26)

0.27 (0.26–0.27)

0.27 (0.27–0.28)

0.28 (0.27–0.29)

0.28 (0.27–0.29)

0.28 (0.27–0.29)

< 0.001

↑

Notheast

0.22 (0.21–0.24)

0.25 (0.24–0.26)

0.26 (0.25–0.27)

0.27 (0.26–0.28)

0.26 (0.26–0.28)

0.27 (0.26–0.28)

< 0.001

↑

South-East

0.43 (0.42–0.44)

0.45 (0.43–0.47)

0.50 (0.49–0.52)

0.49 (0.47–0.51)

0.45 (0.44–0.48)

0.47 (0.45–0.48)

< 0.001

↑

South

0.41 (0.40–0.43)

0.44 (0.42–0.47)

0.50 (0.48–0.52)

0.50 (0.48–0.52)

0.48 (0.46–0.50)

0.49 (0.47–0.51)

< 0.001

↑

Central-West

0.33 (0.32–0.35)

0.37 (0.36–0.39)

0.44 (0.43–0.45)

0.44 (0.42–0.46)

0.43 (0.41–0.44)

0.45 (0.44–0.47)

< 0.001

↑