Fig. 1

PRISMA 2020 flow diagram outlining the study selection process
*Reasons for full-text exclusion: Reason 1: participant characteristics were not suitable; Reason 2: the study did not provide exclusive results for parents/caregivers, or antibiotics, or parents living in rural or remote areas; Reason 3: the study did not provide data on the decision-making process of rural parents towards their children’s antibiotic use