Table 2 Subgroup analysis of VRSA by region, city, publication year and AST method
Subgroups | Category | No of studies | No of S. aureus isolates tested, N | Pooled prevalence of VRSA, N (%) | 95% CI | Heterogeneity test (I2) | P-value | Heterogeneity between groups (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Central | 7 | 592 | 61 (11.25) | (5.78, 16.72) | 89.4% | < 0.001 | 0.027 |
Amhara | 10 | 821 | 111 (14.28) | (8.68, 19.88) | 88.2% | < 0.001 | ||
Oromia | 8 | 603 | 47 (8.07) | (4.09, 12.06) | 81.7% | < 0.001 | ||
Sidama | 4 | 183 | 91 (47.74) | (17.79, 77.69) | 96.2% | < 0.001 | ||
Total pooled | 29 | 2199 | 310 (16.14) | (12.78, 19.50) | 93.3% | < 0.001 | ||
City | Addis Ababa | 7 | 592 | 61 (11.25) | (5.78, 16.72) | 89.4% | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Debre Markos | 3 | 185 | 29 (14.71) | (0.11, 29.54) | 90.2% | < 0.001 | ||
Dessie | 2 | 111 | 42 (36.71) | (24.99, 48.43) | 37.8% | 0.205 | ||
Bahir Dar | 2 | 117 | 18 (13.51) | (5.96, 21.05) | 44.7% | 0.179 | ||
Gondar | 3 | 408 | 22 (5.22) | (3.07, 7.38) | 0.0% | 0.721 | ||
Jimma | 6 | 461 | 34 (7.01) | (2.71, 11.31) | 81.4% | < 0.001 | ||
Hawassa | 4 | 183 | 91 (47.74) | (17.79, 77.69) | 96.2% | < 0.001 | ||
Total pooled | 27 | 2057 | 297 (16.50) | (12.98, 20.01) | 93.7% | < 0.001 | ||
Publication year | ≤ 2014 | 11 | 731 | 131 (20.30) | (13.43, 27.17) | 96.1% | < 0.001 | 0.005 |
2015–2017 | 6 | 550 | 80 (21.01) | (11.58, 30.45) | 96.6% | 0.001 | ||
2018–2020 | 5 | 260 | 32 (11.69) | (7.15, 16.22) | 33.5% | 0.198 | ||
≥ 2021 | 9 | 807 | 72 (8.27) | (4.54, 11.99) | 84.1% | < 0.001 | ||
Total pooled | 31 | 2348 | 315 (14.52) | (11.59, 17.44) | 93.0% | < 0.001 | ||
Study design | Cross-sectional | 26 | 1822 | 256 (15.07) | (11.82, 18.31) | 93.3% | < 0.001 | 0.561 |
Retrospective | 5 | 526 | 59 (12.54) | (4.66, 20.42) | 90.5% | < 0.001 | ||
Total pooled | 31 | 2348 | 315 (14.52) | (11.59, 17.44) | 93.0% | < 0.001 | ||
Specimen type | Wound swab | 7 | 538 | 83 (17.97) | (8.72, 27.21) | 93.7% | < 0.001 | 0.184 |
Blood | 7 | 512 | 42 (8.62) | (4.16, 13.09) | 79.9% | < 0.001 | ||
Nasal swab | 2 | 203 | 15 (15.08) | (-10.70, 40.85) | 91.0% | 0.001 | ||
Ear discharge | 3 | 185 | 61 (40.45) | (0.06, 80.83) | 98.0% | < 0.001 | ||
Conjunctival swab | 2 | 137 | 11 (9.29) | (-2.74, 21.33) | 76.1% | 0.041 | ||
Multiple samples | 7 | 636 | 55 (6.84) | (3.30, 10.38) | 88.5% | < 0.001 | ||
Total pooled | 28 | 2211 | 267 (13.08) | (10.22, 15.95) | 92.6% | < 0.001 | ||
AST method | MIC-based | 7 | 719 | 58 (6.29) | (3.14, 9.43) | 84.9% | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Disk diffusion | 24 | 1629 | 257 (18.41) | (14.03, 22.79) | 94.0% | < 0.001 | ||
Total pooled | 31 | 2348 | 315 (14.52) | (11.59, 17.44) | 93.0% | < 0.001 |