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Table 5 Differences in COVID-19 patients versus non-COVID patients admitted to the hospital, March 2020–December 2020

From: Healthcare-associated infections in Dutch hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic

 

COVID-19 patient

Non-COVID-19 patient

p value

PPS module [n (%)]

n = 50

n = 713

 

Age in years [median, (IQR)]

71.7 (20.7)

66.8 (30.0)

< 0.01

Sex [male (n (%))]

32 (64.0)

355 (49.8)

0.05

Specialty [n (%)]

< 0.01

 Cardiology

1 (2.0)

81 (11.4)

 

 Surgery

1 (2.0)

125 (17.5)

 

 Internal medicine

8 (16.0)

110 (15.4)

 

 Paediatrics

0 (0.0)

52 (7.3)

 

 Respiratory medicine

25 (50.0)

53 (7.4)

 

 Other

15 (30.0)

292 (41.0)

 

McCabe [n (%)]

0.93

 Non-fatal (> 5 year)

44 (88.0)

620 (87.0)

 

 Ultimately fatal (1–5 year)

5 (10.0)

74 (10.4)

 

 Rapidly fatal (< 1 year)

1 (2.0)

13 (1.8)

 

 Unknown

0 (0.0)

6 (0.8)

 

ICU [n (%)]

< 0.01

 Yes

13 (26.0)

31 (4.4)

 

 No

37 (74.0)

682 (95.6)

 

Medical devices [n (%)]a

 Urethral catheter

10 (20.0)

147 (20.6)

0.36

 Peripheral catheter

39 (78.0)

456 (64.0)

0.04

 Mechanical ventilation

5 (10.0)

8 (1.2)

< 0.01

 Central venous catheter

5 (10.0)

47 (6.6)

0.35

Antibiotics [n (%)]

< 0.01

 Yes

32 (64.0)

266 (37.3)

 

 No

18 (36.0)

447 (62.7)

 

HAIs [% (95%-CI)]

12 (5.6–23.8)

0.4 (0.1–1.2)

< 0.01

CRBSI module [n (%)]

n = 367

n = 708

 

Age in years [median (IQR)]

66.2 (57.0–71.8)

69.3 (58.3–75.1)

< 0.01

Sex [male (n (%))]

288 (78.5)

435 (61.4)

< 0.01

Number of CVCs per patient [median (IQR)]

1.8 (1–2)

1.3 (1–1)

< 0.01

CVC days [median (IQR)]

7 (5–10)

6 (4–9)

< 0.01

ICU [n (%)]

< 0.01

 Yes

350 (95.4)

518 (73.2)

 

 No

17 (4.6)

190 (26.8)

 

Length of ICU stay in days [median (IQR)]

18 (8–33)

4 (2–11)

< 0.01

CVC use [n (%)]b

 Total parenteral nutrition

37 (5.6)

200 (21.9)

< 0.01

 Antibiotics

454 (69.3)

523 (57.2)

< 0.01

 Dialysis

92 (14.0)

130 (14.2)

0.94

 Hemodynamic monitoring

319 (48.7)

441 (48.2)

0.88

 Other

98 (15.0)

144 (15.8)

0.72

CRBSI per 1000 CVC days (95%-CI)

8.1 (5.9–10.8)

3.4 (2.2–5.0)

< 0.01

  1. For PPS, COVID-19 status was only measured in the survey of October 2020. For CRBSI, COVID-19 status was reported by 9 out of 11 hospitals for the majority (56.2%) of the patients: 19.2% were COVID-19 patients, 37.0% non-COVID-19 and for the remaining 43.8% within the CRBSI module, COVID-19 status was unknown
  2. aPatients can have multiple devices at the same time. Percentages are calculated as the proportion of patients with a specific device out of the total number of patients
  3. bPatients can have a CVC for multiple applications. Percentages are calculated as the proportion of CVCs for a specific use out of all CVCs
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Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

ISSN: 2047-2994

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